Condensed list of Mesopotamian resources
Dec 25, 2009 16:37:08 GMT -5
Post by ummia-inim-gina on Dec 25, 2009 16:37:08 GMT -5
Grains
Barley "še"
Emmer wheat "ziz"
Einkorn/Bread wheat "gig"
Legumes
lentils (Lens esculents) "gutur" ("Small Pulse")
common Pea/Field Pea "gutur" ("Small Pulse")
chickpea "gugala" ("Big Pulse")
broad bean "gugala ("Big Pulse")
gardenpea
Vegetables "u"
garlic "šum-sar"
onions "sum-sikil"
seeding between Sept. and Dec. and harvest in April/May. Yield: 6-8 liters per 100 sq.m
leeks "zahadin" "zahadinsar"
turnips "lubsar"
cucumbers "u-kuš" "damšelum"
beetroot "ušumundasar" "usumundar" "umandu"
beets (Brassica rapa) Akk: laptu
radishes (Sinapis sp.) (Raptanus sativus) "Akk: puglu"
lettuces (Lactuca sativa) "Akk.hassu"
cabbage
Kale
Arugula
shallot
Fruit
date-palms "ĝešĝešhimmar"
figs "peš(še)" / "ĝešpeš(še)" [tree]
apples "hašhur" / "uhašhurak" [tree]
pomegranate "nurma" / "ĝešnurma" [tree]
grapes "geštin"
(raisins) "ĝeštinaha"
Plums "šennur
pears (Akk: "Kamiššaru, ? angašu") "?" [tree]
quinces (Akk: "supergillu/šapargillu)
apricots: "armanu" [tree] "ir" [tree]
melons: "(ripe cucumber)"
Berries "girim" (Mulberries ?)
boxthorn berry "abulillum" "ĝeštinkira"
Juniper Berries: "? šurmenu"
cherries: "?" "?" [tree]
olives "zirdum"
Herbs and Spices "mun-gazi"
coriander: (Coriandrum Sativum) "še-lù" "kisibirru"
cumin "zibum" "gamun" "kumul"
black cumin (Cuminum cyminum) "zizibianum"
cress (Erucaria aleppica, Lepidium sativum) "zahihi"
asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida) "nuhara" "nuluha"
Licorice "šeš" / "ĝeššeš" [tree]
mint "? gazi"
fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) "AKK: an/ddahšu"
thyme (Thymus) "Akk: zamburu"
hyssop (Hyssopus) "Akk: zupu"
Safflower(bastard saffron) (Carthamus tinctorius) "Akk:az/supiru"
Dill (Anethum graveolens) "Akk šibetum"
mustard (Brassica sp.)
marjoram
rosemary
fenugreek
rue
Cassia
mushrooms "uzudirig"
Nuts
Almonds "ĝešeš" [tree] "ĝešlam" [tree]
pistachio "lamtur" / "ĝešlamtur" [tree]
Walnut "lamgal" / "ĝešlamgal" [tree]
Utility crops
flax: for textiles
hemp: for textiles
Sesame seed: for oil
Legumes (? Vetch): "gugutum" for Animal fodder
Non-edible Resources
Wool: from sheep
lenin: from flax
Honey: from Bees (for medicinal use)
Wood
black wood "ĝešmes"
boxwood tree (Buxus) "ĝeštaškarin"
carob tree "harub"
cedar "ĝešeren"
cypress "ĝeššurman" "ĝeššurmen" "ĝešta'e"
jeszgana-tree "ĝešbargana"
mandragora "ĝešbillum"
oak "ĝešhalub" "allanum"
Oriental plane tree "geštulubum"
Palm (Pheonix dactylifera) "ĝešgišimmar"
Pine
poplar "ĝešasal" "ĝešildag"
tamarisk "ĝeššinig" "binum"
Willow "manu"
incense-bearing tree "ĝešgig" "ĝeššim-gig"
Metals
copper "urud"
tin "anna"
silver "kug"
white silver "kugbabbar"
gold "kuzen" "kugsig"
Alloys
bronze "zabar"
electrium
Stones
amber (resinite): "sudaĝ" mohs: 2.5
the fossilized resin of extinct carniferous trees. Amber occurs in a range of different colors. Rarly used for beads and amulets; imported from the coast of the Baltic Sea or Lebanon
basalt: "adbar"
a common extrusive volcanic rock usually grey to black that is primarilly used for building
calcite: "?" mohs: 3
a local clear carbonate mineral used as an ornamental stone
diorite: "naesi"
a grey intermediate intrusive igneous rock. It was used mainly for sculptures but also beads, amulets, and pendants; imported from the Gulf.
feldspar (Amazonite): "? tanos" "? eumithres" mohs: 6
rock forming minerals, silicates of aluminum and either potassium or calcium; Imported from Kashmir or the Urals
fluorite: "? murrhine" mohs: 4
halide mineral composed of calcium fluoride. It comes in a wide range of colors and was used for beads for jewlery.
granite: "?"
a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. Granites can be pink to dark gray or even black. It was used for beads; found locally in the Diyala region.
gypsum: "imbabbar" ("white earth") mohs: 1.5 to 2
a soft, colorless to white mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate. It is common to Mesopotamia sometimes used for fuller's earth,.beads, pendants, and seals. Occasionally used for building and brewing.
alabaster (a form of Gypsum) "naĝešnu" / "naĝešnugal"
a precious white stone that was used for statues and art.
lapis Lazuli "nazagin" mohs: 5-5.5
a blue semi-precious stone that was commonly used in jewlry; imported from Afghanistan.
limestone: "?"
a common sedimentary rock that exhibits different colors used for building. Imported from the Zagros mountains.
malachite: "urudišme" mohs: 3.5-4
a green carbonate mineral used for jewlery; imported from the Urals or the western fertile cresent.
marble: "?"
a non foliated metamorphic rock used for sculptures and for building. Imported from the Zagros mountains
marcasite: "namarhuša" mohs: 6-6.5
a brass Yellow mineral similar to pyrite but much lighter and more brittle.
obsidian: "?"
a black volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock. Used for tools and as an ornamental stone
olivine: "?" mohs: 6.5–7
a glassy yellow-green magnesium iron silicate (when gem-quality also called peridot) used as an ornamental stone.
quartz: "nadušia" mohs: 7
quartz is a mineral that occurs in a range of different colors. Used as an ornamental stone for beads and seals.
sandstone: "?"
a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains. Used for building.
steatite(soapstone): "?" mohs: 1
formed by the dynamothermal metamorphism of chlorite and metasomatism of serpentine
turquoise "nadušia"
an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium. Used as an ornamental stone.
Iron Oxides
Goethite
Haematite
Magnetite
Others
salt "dinig" "mun"
bitumen
a sticky, tar-like form of petroleum used to water-proof boats and buildings.
Clay "im"
Domesticated Animals
Dog (Wolf) "urgir" "urki"
Goat (Bezoar Goat)
Sheep (Asiatic Moufflon) "udu"
Cattle (Aurich) "abšilam"
Donkey (Wild Ass)
Barley "še"
Emmer wheat "ziz"
Einkorn/Bread wheat "gig"
Legumes
lentils (Lens esculents) "gutur" ("Small Pulse")
common Pea/Field Pea "gutur" ("Small Pulse")
chickpea "gugala" ("Big Pulse")
broad bean "gugala ("Big Pulse")
gardenpea
Vegetables "u"
garlic "šum-sar"
onions "sum-sikil"
seeding between Sept. and Dec. and harvest in April/May. Yield: 6-8 liters per 100 sq.m
leeks "zahadin" "zahadinsar"
turnips "lubsar"
cucumbers "u-kuš" "damšelum"
beetroot "ušumundasar" "usumundar" "umandu"
beets (Brassica rapa) Akk: laptu
radishes (Sinapis sp.) (Raptanus sativus) "Akk: puglu"
lettuces (Lactuca sativa) "Akk.hassu"
cabbage
Kale
Arugula
shallot
Fruit
date-palms "ĝešĝešhimmar"
figs "peš(še)" / "ĝešpeš(še)" [tree]
apples "hašhur" / "uhašhurak" [tree]
pomegranate "nurma" / "ĝešnurma" [tree]
grapes "geštin"
(raisins) "ĝeštinaha"
Plums "šennur
pears (Akk: "Kamiššaru, ? angašu") "?" [tree]
quinces (Akk: "supergillu/šapargillu)
apricots: "armanu" [tree] "ir" [tree]
melons: "(ripe cucumber)"
Berries "girim" (Mulberries ?)
boxthorn berry "abulillum" "ĝeštinkira"
Juniper Berries: "? šurmenu"
cherries: "?" "?" [tree]
olives "zirdum"
Herbs and Spices "mun-gazi"
coriander: (Coriandrum Sativum) "še-lù" "kisibirru"
cumin "zibum" "gamun" "kumul"
black cumin (Cuminum cyminum) "zizibianum"
cress (Erucaria aleppica, Lepidium sativum) "zahihi"
asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida) "nuhara" "nuluha"
Licorice "šeš" / "ĝeššeš" [tree]
mint "? gazi"
fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) "AKK: an/ddahšu"
thyme (Thymus) "Akk: zamburu"
hyssop (Hyssopus) "Akk: zupu"
Safflower(bastard saffron) (Carthamus tinctorius) "Akk:az/supiru"
Dill (Anethum graveolens) "Akk šibetum"
mustard (Brassica sp.)
marjoram
rosemary
fenugreek
rue
Cassia
mushrooms "uzudirig"
Nuts
Almonds "ĝešeš" [tree] "ĝešlam" [tree]
pistachio "lamtur" / "ĝešlamtur" [tree]
Walnut "lamgal" / "ĝešlamgal" [tree]
Utility crops
flax: for textiles
hemp: for textiles
Sesame seed: for oil
Legumes (? Vetch): "gugutum" for Animal fodder
Non-edible Resources
Wool: from sheep
lenin: from flax
Honey: from Bees (for medicinal use)
Wood
black wood "ĝešmes"
boxwood tree (Buxus) "ĝeštaškarin"
carob tree "harub"
cedar "ĝešeren"
cypress "ĝeššurman" "ĝeššurmen" "ĝešta'e"
jeszgana-tree "ĝešbargana"
mandragora "ĝešbillum"
oak "ĝešhalub" "allanum"
Oriental plane tree "geštulubum"
Palm (Pheonix dactylifera) "ĝešgišimmar"
Pine
poplar "ĝešasal" "ĝešildag"
tamarisk "ĝeššinig" "binum"
Willow "manu"
incense-bearing tree "ĝešgig" "ĝeššim-gig"
Metals
copper "urud"
tin "anna"
silver "kug"
white silver "kugbabbar"
gold "kuzen" "kugsig"
Alloys
bronze "zabar"
electrium
Stones
amber (resinite): "sudaĝ" mohs: 2.5
the fossilized resin of extinct carniferous trees. Amber occurs in a range of different colors. Rarly used for beads and amulets; imported from the coast of the Baltic Sea or Lebanon
basalt: "adbar"
a common extrusive volcanic rock usually grey to black that is primarilly used for building
calcite: "?" mohs: 3
a local clear carbonate mineral used as an ornamental stone
diorite: "naesi"
a grey intermediate intrusive igneous rock. It was used mainly for sculptures but also beads, amulets, and pendants; imported from the Gulf.
feldspar (Amazonite): "? tanos" "? eumithres" mohs: 6
rock forming minerals, silicates of aluminum and either potassium or calcium; Imported from Kashmir or the Urals
fluorite: "? murrhine" mohs: 4
halide mineral composed of calcium fluoride. It comes in a wide range of colors and was used for beads for jewlery.
granite: "?"
a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. Granites can be pink to dark gray or even black. It was used for beads; found locally in the Diyala region.
gypsum: "imbabbar" ("white earth") mohs: 1.5 to 2
a soft, colorless to white mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate. It is common to Mesopotamia sometimes used for fuller's earth,.beads, pendants, and seals. Occasionally used for building and brewing.
alabaster (a form of Gypsum) "naĝešnu" / "naĝešnugal"
a precious white stone that was used for statues and art.
lapis Lazuli "nazagin" mohs: 5-5.5
a blue semi-precious stone that was commonly used in jewlry; imported from Afghanistan.
limestone: "?"
a common sedimentary rock that exhibits different colors used for building. Imported from the Zagros mountains.
malachite: "urudišme" mohs: 3.5-4
a green carbonate mineral used for jewlery; imported from the Urals or the western fertile cresent.
marble: "?"
a non foliated metamorphic rock used for sculptures and for building. Imported from the Zagros mountains
marcasite: "namarhuša" mohs: 6-6.5
a brass Yellow mineral similar to pyrite but much lighter and more brittle.
obsidian: "?"
a black volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock. Used for tools and as an ornamental stone
olivine: "?" mohs: 6.5–7
a glassy yellow-green magnesium iron silicate (when gem-quality also called peridot) used as an ornamental stone.
quartz: "nadušia" mohs: 7
quartz is a mineral that occurs in a range of different colors. Used as an ornamental stone for beads and seals.
sandstone: "?"
a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains. Used for building.
steatite(soapstone): "?" mohs: 1
formed by the dynamothermal metamorphism of chlorite and metasomatism of serpentine
turquoise "nadušia"
an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium. Used as an ornamental stone.
Iron Oxides
Goethite
Haematite
Magnetite
Others
salt "dinig" "mun"
bitumen
a sticky, tar-like form of petroleum used to water-proof boats and buildings.
Clay "im"
Domesticated Animals
Dog (Wolf) "urgir" "urki"
Goat (Bezoar Goat)
Sheep (Asiatic Moufflon) "udu"
Cattle (Aurich) "abšilam"
Donkey (Wild Ass)