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Post by inimgina on Oct 23, 2016 17:56:09 GMT -5
Larsa (Sumerian: Arama (ki); Akkadian: Larsa(m) (ki)) was an ancient Mesopotamian city-state. From pre-Sargonic times the name of the city was written logographically as UD.UNU KI sometimes simplified to ud.ab ki. This name is read in Sumerian as 'Arama' (MSL 11, pg.12, 1.6 [UD].UNU [ar-ar]-ma ki and pg54 1.10,; [a.ra].[ar].ma ki = la-ra-sa). By the old Babylonian Period the name was frequently written in Akkadian as Larsa(m) and frequently written syllabically.
The city's location corresponds with the modern archeological site Tell as-Senkereh in Iraq's Dhi Qar Goveenarate. The site is located near the east bank of the Shatt-en-Nil canal.The site was first excavated by William Loftus in 1850 for less than a month. Excavations have been conducted at the site by W. K. Loftus (1854), W. Andrae (1903), A. Parrot (1933, 1967), J.-C. Margueron (1967-70) and J.-L. Huot (1976-91). The site was occupied from the early Ubaid period until the Persian conquest. Tell as-Senkereh covers an oval about 4.5 miles in circumference. The highest point of the tell is around 70 feet in height. The city was located approximately 15-20 miles (25-32 km) southeast of Uruk.
The patron deity of Larsa was Utu, the Sumerian God of the Sun and Justice. His temple in Larsa was called the 'ebabbar' (Shining house). Utu was the son of Nanna the moon god. His sisters were Inanna and Ereškigal. There was also a local Cult in Larsa dedicated to Sherida the wife of Utu.
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Post by inimgina on Oct 23, 2016 17:57:28 GMT -5
From Madeleine Andre Fitzgerald's 2002 Yale dissertation 'The Rulers of Larsa' "The Early History of Larsa The site of Tell Senkereh was first identified as ancient Larsa by Loftus and Rawlinson in 1853 on the basis of texts found there (Edzard and Farber 1974). Tell Senkereh is located 31ü 14ÕN 45ü 51ÕE (Roaf 1990), about twenty kilometers southeast of the site of Warka (Uruk) in southern Mesopotamia. Lying east of the Euphrates, south of the Iturungal canal, and west of the Tigris, Larsa relied on water for transportation and irrigation from all three sources (see map p. 15). Tell Senkereh was extensively plundered for texts and artifacts in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first scientific excavation of the site was conducted by Parrot in 1933 (Parrot 1934) and again in 1967. Margueron directed campaigns at Tell Senkereh in 1969 and 1970 (Margueron 1970, 1971). Later regular seasons of excavation were conducted by Huot from 1976 to 1991 (Huot et al. 1978; Huot 1983, 1985, 1987b, 1987a, 1989). Official excavations of Larsa have thus far concentrated primarily on Old Babylonian and later levels of occupation. From pre-Sargonic times, the name of the city was written logographically UD.UNUû, often simplified to ud.abû, and read in Sumerian as ÒArarmaÓ (MSL 11 p. 12, l. 6: -UD±.UNU-‡r-‡r±-ma ki and p. 54, l. 10: [a.ra].-ar±.ma ki = la-ar-sa); by the Old Babylonian period it was read in Akkadian as Larsa(m) and frequently written syllabically (Arnaud 1980-1983: 496). The logographic writing indicates that the city was the seat of the sun god, Utu, while the Sumerian reading of the name may suggest that the city in earliest times was known as a place where grain was milled (AR.AR = t•num).In his survey of southern Mesopotamia, Robert Adams found no surface evidence of occupation at Larsa before the Early Dynastic period (Adams 1981: 349 n. 7). More recently the excavators of Larsa have discovered what they believe to be sherds of Ubaid I (Eridu phase) pottery on or near the surface of the tell in the environs of the Ebabbar temple and the ziggurat (see site plan p. 16), indicating that the heart of the future city of Larsa was already occupied in the sixth millennium B.C. (Huot 1989: 18). In addition to the potsherds, a high frequency of fragments of terra-cotta sickles also suggests that the occupation of Larsa goes back as far as the Ubaid period (Margueron 1997: 332). The first textual evidence for Larsa is found in toponym lists of the Uruk III/Jemdet Nasr period (c. 3000 B.C.) from the sites of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr. These lexical lists contain recognizable signs for known and as yet unknown cities in a consistent order, beginning with Ur, Nippur, Larsa, and Uruk. The same cities in the same order are found on sealings impressed on Jemdet Nasr tablets, on door and container sealings from Uruk, and on inscribed tablets also from Uruk, datable to the same period as the city lists (Matthews 1993). Though the logic of the order of the cities is unclear, it suggests that Larsa was an important member of a group of cities involved in some organized activity conducted over a considerable distance at the end of the fourth millennium. Englund has argued that a group of 27 Uruk period tablets, previously thought to come from Uruk or Ki§, may well have come from Tell Senkereh as claimed by the dealer in Baghdad (Englund 1998: 29-31). He suggests that these texts are from an archive of a temple household dealing almost exclusively with the administration of large quantities of grain. This grain archive adds weight to the argument that the Sumerian name for Larsa, Ararma, reflects the city's early history as a grain processing center. Later sealings with city signs, datable to the Early Dynastic I period (c. 2900-2700 B.C.), were found at the site of Ur. The impressions of seals with city names come mostly from door sealings and, to a lesser extent, from container sealings. The cities on the Ur sealings include Ur, Eridu, Larsa, Uruk, Adab, Nippur, Kesh, UrÛ (unidentified), UB (possibly Umma), and Edinnu (unidentified) in various orders (Matthews 1993). On the sealings, Larsa is most often associated with Ur, Nippur, or Eridu. Because most of the sealings must have been applied in Ur, it appears that Ur was the administrative center for a far-reaching inter-city organization. City lists composed in the Early Dynastic IIIa period, in a format identical to that of the city lists from Uruk and Jemdet Nasr, were found at Fara (ancient êuruppak) and Abu Salabikh. Archival texts excavated at the northern part of the site include muster lists of thousands of workers (gurush) from Uruk, Adab, Nippur, Lagash, êuruppak, and Umma. These cities of what Pomponio and Visicato describe as the Hexapolis of shuruppak (Pomponio and Visicato 1994: 10ff.), what Jacobsen referred to as the Kengir league (Jacobsen 1957: 121f.), were always written in the same order. Underground silos excavated near the tablet area in the north of the site could have held grain to feed the men. Shuruppak, approximately midway between Nippur and Uruk, was probably a military and administrative center for a large intra-Sumerian alliance. Notably absent from the names of cities found on the Fara texts are Ur, Larsa, and Eridu. At the end of the Early Dynastic IIIa period, Shuruppak was destroyed by fire and thereafter only sparsely inhabited until it was completely abandoned in the late Ur III or early Old Babylonian period (Martin 1988). Ur might have been the enemy that destroyed êuruppak. Visicato observes Òthat Ur has no traces of destruction as a consequence of a conflict which seems to have involved the whole of Babylonia and that both during and after the fall of êuruppak it continued to develop, it does not seem difficult to point to Ur as one of the cities which was advantaged by the disappearance of Shuruppak from the Babylonian political scene. (Visicato 1995: 147) It is possible that Larsa is absent from the Fara texts because it was allied with Ur, or it may be that Larsa came under the administrative aegis of Uruk, which had grown to 400 hectares in the Early Dynastic period, and which was located only twenty kilometers (twelve miles) northwest of Larsa. It is also possible that Larsa was under the aegis of Lagash in this period as it was to be, along with Uruk, in the succeeding period. With the end of the Hexapolis and its military/administrative center at Shuruppak, a period of inter-city-state warfare ensued. Larsa appears in the royal inscriptions of rulers of pre-Sargonic Laga§ and Umma (c. 2430-2340 B.C.), including Eanatum's stele of the vultures, which mentions Larsa among other cities in connection with an oath the Lagash king made the king of Umma swear to Larsa's titulary god, Utu, as well as sacrifices performed in Utu's sanctuary at Larsa, the Ebabbar: Eanatum gave the great battle net of Utu, master of vegetation, to the leader of Umma, and made him swear to him by it. The leader of Umma swore to Eanatum "Eanatum was very clever indeed! He made up the eyes of two doves with kohl, and adorned their heads with cedar (resin). For Utu, master of vegetation", in the Ebabbar at Larsa, he had them offered as sacrificial bulls." (Cooper 1986: 36f.) Inscriptions of the Lagash king Enmetena report the return of citizens of Uruk, Larsa, and Bad-tibira to their cities after their having been conscripted, according to Cooper, for a major building project: "É He cancelled obligations for the citizens of Uruk, Larsa and Patibira; he restored (the first) to Inana's control at Uruk, he restored (the second) to Utu's control at Larsa, he restored (the third) to Lugalemush's control at the Emush." (Cooper 1986: 58f.) Finally, inscriptions on bowls report that Lugalzagesi controlled Uruk, Ur, Umma, Zabala, Kidingir, and Larsa, saying "Larsa, the beloved city of Utu, made merry." (Cooper 1986: 94). It is clear from these inscriptions that Larsa was not an independent city in this period but was under the control of the Lagash rulers before it came under the hegemony of Lugalzagesi along with the rest of southern Mesopotamia. The pre-Sargonic political centers, such as Lagash and Uruk, served as local provincial capitals under the kings of Akkad, but there are very few references to Larsa from the Sargonic period. The Repertoire Geographique I (Edzard et al. 1977: 109-110) lists only one published text mentioning Larsa that may be datable to the end of the Sargonic period. It is an undated list of goats for various individuals including the ugula's of Ur, Nippur, and Larsa (Nikolskij 1915: no. 84) probably from Umma or Lagash (Foster personal communication). No Sargonic royal inscriptions are known from Larsa, and no known Sargonic inscriptions refer to Larsa. Royal inscriptions of Sargon commemorate the conquest of Ur, Uruk, Eninmar, Lagash, and Umma, but do not mention Larsa (Frayne 1993: 2.1.1.17). Likewise, inscriptions of R¨mu§ record the defeat of Ur, Umma, and Lagash, but not Larsa (Frayne 1993: 2.1.2.2-5), and royal inscriptions referring to the "great revolt" against Naram-Sin mention the cities of Uruk, Ur, Lagah, Umma, Adab, Shuruppak, Isin, and Nippur, but not Larsa (Frayne 1993: E2.1.4.6). From this we can assume that Larsa was either not a significant city during the Sargonic period or that it was loyal to Akkad at the time of the revolt. In contrast, the city of Isin was clearly occupied in the Sargonic period. Two Sargonic royal inscriptions, one on a macehead dedicated by Man-ishtushu to Ninisina (Frayne 1990: E2.1.3.5)and the other an unattributed fragment of a statue or stele (Frayne 1990:E2.0.0.1013), were excavated at Isin. Sargonic archival texts from Isin are also known (Foster 1982: 6-7). The collection of temple hymns attributed to Sargon's daughter, Enheduanna, and known from Ur III and Old Babylonian copies does contain hymns to Utu's temple in Larsa (no. 13), and to Utu's temple at Sippar (no. 38) (Sjoberg and Bergmann 1969). However, references in Sargonic royal inscriptions to the sanctuary of the god shamash/Utu appear to be limited to the sun god's temple in Sippar. It may be that Larsa even as a cult center of Utu was eclipsed in the Akkadian period. In general, texts from Larsa from before the Ur III period are rare. A human-headed bull with a dedication to Ba'u by Nin-nigine-si, the wife of the ensi Ur-Ningirsu, was discovered at Larsa (Arnaud 1978: 225). Arnaud argued that this provides proof, along with two dedicatory inscriptions of Gudea (Arnaud 1971: 293), that Larsa was controlled by the dynasty of Gudea (Arnaud 1978: 225f. n. 4). There are also very few texts from or concerning Larsa known from the Ur III period. Some of the texts from this period indicate, however, that Larsa remained a significant cult center for the sun god, Utu. An inscribed brick of Ur-Nammu which records the rebuilding of the temple of Utu was discovered at Larsa (Birot 1968: 242), and two archival texts include Utu of Larsa in lists of offerings (YOS 4, 56 and BIN 3, 607). The dearth of administrative texts from Larsa in this period, otherwise known for its masses of archival material, is a strong indication that Larsa was of very little economic importance in the Ur III period, though the dearth may be due entirely to the accidents of discovery and the fact that, because of severe looting of the site of Larsa, many texts from there may not be provenanced as coming from Larsa. Sharlach has pointed out that Larsa was not a provincial capital, did not have an ensi (governor), and did not participate in the provincial tax system (bala), but instead was ruled by the royal family as were Ur and Uruk (Sharlach 2001b: 65). The following text from Umma, a list of tax/offerings (mesh-da-ri-a) from governors and chief temple officials (shabra) of various cities, illustrates that some cities, such as Umma, Adab, and shuruppak, had governors, while others, such as Ur and Larsa, were administered by their chief temple officials in the Ur III period. Given its history as a secondary city without it own governor in the Ur III period, it is difficult to see why Larsa was to become the capital of an important kingdom of the succeeding Old Babylonian period. In the paper cited above, Sharlach argues that Larsa was administered by its chief temple administrator, in one case Puzur-Erra of Mari, the cousin of king Amar-sin of Ur (Sharlach 2001b: 66). She goes on to suggest that Ishbi-Erra, who rebelled against Ur and founded the kingdom of Isin, may have, like Puzur-Erra, been a member of the royal families of Ur and Mari appointed to a high office of the Ur III state (Sharlach 2001b: 68). Following this line of reasoning, it may be that Larsa broke away from Ur in a manner similar to Isin. This begs the question of when it was, following the Ur III King's loss of the territory, that Larsa became the capital of the Larsa rulers. No royal inscriptions of kings of Isin or texts dated with Isin year names have been found at Larsa. The earliest known inscription from Larsa of a presumed ruler of Old Babylonian Larsa is that of Zabaia, the fourth person on the Larsa King List (Frayne 1990: 112). Zabaia is connected with Isin in a very fragmentary letter from Girsu (see p. 37) apparently concerning a shortfall of deliveries to Isin from Zabaeia after Zabaeia took the throne (Arnaud 1977: 3-4). The only known written evidence we have for a relationship between Isin and Larsa before the time of Zabaeia is a document (BIN 9, 338) from the Isin craft archive that records a shipment to Larsa of 20 copper implements (zamiritum, possibly weapons) and 20 leather shields (see p. 29). This document is dated to year 16 of Ishbi-Erra, which would be year 3 of Iemsium, the second ruler of Larsa according to the Larsa King List (Van De Mieroop 1987b: 114). The text does not tell us the recipient or the purpose of the shipment. Altogether, the current evidence does not indicate whether Isin was in control of Larsa after the fall of the Ur III kingdom though the record of a shipment of goods, possibly weapons, and the letter to Isin concerning Zabaia suggest that Larsa may have been a vassal or client of Isin at that time. We can only say with any certainty that Girsu, the source of the letter, and possibly Larsa were occupied by a person named in the Larsa King List by the time of its fourth purported ruler, Zabaia." cdli.ucla.edu/staff/fitz/dissertation.pdf |
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Post by inimgina on Oct 23, 2016 19:02:40 GMT -5
Rulers of Larsa during the Isin/Larsa period - Naplanum 2025-2005 Ruler of Larsa during the reign of Ibbi-Sin of the Ur III dynasty. No contemporary year names or inscriptions have been found verifying that Naplanum was a king of Larsa, which seems to have remained part of Ibbi-Sin's kingdom. - Emisum 2004-1977 Ruler of Larsa with an Amorite name. - Samium 1967-1942 Ruler of Larsa with an Amorite name. - Zabaya 1941-1933 Son of Samium, First Larsa ruler of the dynasty with a royal inscription found. - Gungunum 1932-1906 cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/html/T10K1.htm Gungunum was another son of Samium. He was an Amorite ruler who had been appointed as governor of the city of Lagash during the reign of Lipit-Ishtar of the Isin dynasty. Gungunum rebelled against Lipit-Ishtar and gained independence for Larsa from the Isin dynasty. Gungunum dealt a major blow to Isin by capturing the city of Ur which was an enormously profitable trade route to the Persian gulf. He destroyed Bashime in Elam during his 3rd year and Anshan in his 5th and 16th. His aggression against Elam may have been a catalyst for the formation of the sukkalmah dynasty. An adab to Nanna for Gungunum (Gungunum A): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.2.1A hymn to Nanna for Gungunum (Gungunum B): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.2.a- Abisare 1905-1895 cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/html/T10K2.htm Continued aggressions against Isin and took steps to cut Isin completely off from access to waterways. - Sumuel 1894-1866 cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/html/T10K3.htm He also continued aggressions against Isin and took steps to cut Isin completely off from access to waterways. Sumuel campaigned against Akusum and Kazallu in the 4th year of his reign, against Uruk in the 5th year of his reign, Pinaratim in the 8th year of his reign, Sabum in the 10th year of his reign, Kish in the 11th year of his reign, Kazallu in 15th year of his reign, Nanna-Isha in the 16th year of his reign, and Umma at the end of his reign. - Nur-Adad 1865-1850 cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/html/T10K4.htm He campaigned against Babylon in the 4th year of his reign, Ibrat and Malgium in 5th year of his reign, and Eshnunna in the6tg year of his reign. - Sin-Iddinam 1849-1843 cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/html/T10K5.htm Son of Nur-Adad. He was well-known for his building activities at the Ebabbar of Larsa. Conquered the town of Ibrat on the Tigris, which was possibly under control of Susa at the time, and may have led to the formation of the anti-Larsa coalition between Elam, Isin, Uruk, and Kazallu (Potts 99, pg. 166). A praise poem of Sîn-iddinam (Sîn-iddinam A): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.6.1Sîn-iddinam and Iškur (Sîn-iddinam E): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.6.5- Sin-Eribam 1842-1841 cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/html/T10K6.htm - Sin-Iqisham 1840-1836 cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/html/T10K7.htm Son of Sin-Eribam. He seized Pinaratim and Nazarum in his 2nd year. He defeated Kazullu, Elam, and Zambiya king of Isin and Babylon in the 5th year of his reign. A hymn to Numušda for Sîn-iqīšam (Sîn-iqīšam A): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.7.1- Silli-Adad 1835 cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/html/T10K8.htm His reign was less than a full year; the records state that he was "removed from kingship" and "was no longer king". - Warad-Sin 1834-1823 cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/html/T10K9.htm Son of Kudur-mapuk, ruler of Yamutbal and conquerer of Larsa ca. 1835. The Elamite designation of his father raises the possibility he may have come from an Elamite family, or at least an Amorite family under the auspices of the sukkalmah. His father may have been some form of co-ruler during his reign. His sister En-ane-du was high priestess of the moon god in Ur. He recorded that in his second year as king, he destroyed the walls of Kazallu, and defeated the army of Mutibal that had occupied Larsa. - Rim-Sin I 1822-1763 cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/html/T10K10.htm Rim-sin I was the successor of his brother Warad-Sin. During his reign as ruler he built the dynasty of Larsa to it height with 10-15 other cities under the rule of Larsa. He put down a coalition against him lead by Isin, Uruk, Babylon and Rapiqum. He defeated them, then occupied Pi-Naratim (the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates). Two years later he defeated Zibnatum, tge next he defeated Bit-Susin and Uzarbara, another two years later he defeated Kisarea and he destroyed Der. The following year he sacked Uruk, sparing its inhabitants. Over the next three to four years he seized the city of Isin ending its dynasty. He again spared the inhabitants. No further events are recorded for the remaining 30 years of Rim-Sin's reign; rather, he dated all these years from his conquest of Isin. The reign of Rim-Sin I was ended by a defeat at the hands of Hammurabi of Babylon. A prayer to Enlil for Rīm-Sîn (Rīm-Sîn A): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.9.1 A hymn to Ḫaia for Rīm-Sîn (Rīm-Sîn B): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.9.2A prayer to An for Rīm-Sîn (Rīm-Sîn C): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.9.3A prayer to Nanna for Rīm-Sîn (Rīm-Sîn D): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.9.4A prayer to Nanna for Rīm-Sîn (Rīm-Sîn E): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.9.5A prayer to Nanna for Rīm-Sîn (Rīm-Sîn F): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.9.6A prayer to Nanna for Rīm-Sîn (Rīm-Sîn G): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.9.7An adab to Inana for Rīm-Sîn (Rīm-Sîn H): etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.9.8An excerpt from a prayer for Rīm-Sîn: etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.6.9.a- Babylonian rule 1762-1741 - Rim-Sin II 1740-1736 cdli.ucla.edu/tools/yearnames/html/T10K11.htm Killed in revolt against Babylon |
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Post by inimgina on Oct 23, 2016 19:49:21 GMT -5
Michael Roaf on Larsa:
("In the 8th year of his reign Gungunum captured Ur and gained control of the valuable trade with the Gulf that had begun in the Early Dynastic period. ")
Larsa, Isin's great rival
In Larsa, Nur-Adad, a commoner, seized the throne in 1865 in the wake of growing discontent, perhaps fostered by problems with the city's water supply. Sin-Kashid, the king if Uruk, who was married to the daughter of Sumu-la-El, King of Babylon, and had remained independent of Larsa, blocked direct passage up the Euphrates from Larsa to Nippur. Control of Nippur shifted back and forth continually from Isin to Larsa, as indicated by year-names in 1838, 1835, 1832, and 1828 and Isin year-names in 1836, 1833, 1830 and for a few years between 1813 and 1802.
During this period Kudur-Mabuk, the ruler if Embutal (the region East of the Tigris between Eahnunna and Elam), appointed his son Warad-Sin (1834-1823 BC) King of Larsa and his daughter entu- priestess of Nanna at Ur (normally the prerogative of the king of Sumer and Akkad). Kudur-Mabuk and Warad-Sin embarked on an ambitious program of restoring the temples of Ur, Larsa, Zabalam, Mashkan-Shapir, Nippur and others. Kudur-Mabuk called himself father of Emutbal and father of Amurru, both of which were names of Amorie tribal groups (though he and his father had Elamite names). His two sons, Warad-Sin and Rin-Sin, had Akkadian names but his daughter's name was Sumerian. The mixture reflected the cosmopolitan of the population of Mesopotamia (as well as the difficulty of determining ethnic background on the evidence of name alone).
Rin-Sin (1922-1763), who succeeded his brother Warad-Sin, had one of the longest reigns in Mesopotamian history. In 1804 Rin-Sin defeated a coalition army of men from Uruk, Isin, Babylon and Rapiqum, and of Sutu nomads and ended the independence of Uruk. In 1794, the 29th year of his reign, He conquered Isin and brought to an end the First dynasty of Isin. So impressed was he with his victory that he called the remaining years of his long reign "Year one: Isin conquered" up to "Year thirty: Isin conquered", until Larsa itself was defeated by Hammurabi, a Babylonian King whose fame eclipsed that even of Rim-Sin."
From "The Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East" by Michael Roaf (Facts on File, 1990)
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Post by inimgina on Oct 23, 2016 23:48:01 GMT -5
Other works on Larsa:
Judith K. Bjorkman, The Larsa Goldsmith's Hoards-New Interpretations, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 1–23, 1993
Larsa Year Names, Marcel Segrist, Andrews University Press, 1990
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Post by sheshki on Oct 25, 2016 13:04:54 GMT -5
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